【PyCharm】解决虚拟环境pip无法使用问题

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1.新建虚拟环境的bug

描述

• 在PyCharm内新建或者打开一个项目时，我们需要选择一个python解释器，如果我们选择新建一个虚拟环境，如下图所示：

• 进入项目后，我们打开终端，可以看到自动进入了虚拟环境：

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(venv) PS D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach>

• 但是，如果我们尝试使用pip命令，会报错：

(venv) PS D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach> pip list
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\Xu Han\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\runpy.py", line 197, in _run_module_as_main
    return _run_code(code, main_globals, None,
  File "C:\Users\Xu Han\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\runpy.py", line 87, in _run_code
    exec(code, run_globals)
  File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\Scripts\pip.exe\__main__.py", line 4, in <module>
  File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\main.py", line 9, in <module>
    from pip._internal.cli.autocompletion import autocomplete
  File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\autocompletion.py", line 10, in <module>
    from pip._internal.cli.main_parser import create_main_parser
  File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\main_parser.py", line 8, in <module>
    from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
  File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\cmdoptions.py", line 29, in <module>
    from pip._internal.models.target_python import TargetPython
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pip._internal.models.target_python'

解决方法

• 这时，我们只需要删除图中的文件夹：

• 然后再尝试使用pip命令：

(venv) PS D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach> pip list
Package            Version
------------------ ---------
bleach             6.0.0
certifi            2022.12.7
chardet            5.1.0
charset-normalizer 2.1.1
contourpy          1.0.7
cycler             0.11.0
docutils           0.19
fonttools          4.38.0
idna               3.4
importlib-metadata 6.5.0
importlib-resources 5.12.0
jaraco.classes     3.2.3
keyring            23.13.1
kiwisolver         1.4.4
markdown-it-py     2.2.0
matplotlib         3.7.0
mdurl              0.1.2
more-itertools     9.1.0
numpy              1.24.1

• 可以看到pip已经可以正常使用了！

• 由于我继承了全局站点，因此这里我的软件包很多

2.更换路径的bug

• 前几天，我将项目的路径从D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1改成C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1，然后尝试在虚拟环境中pip list，报错如下：

Fatal error in launcher: Unable to create process using '"D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1\venv\Scripts\python.exe"  "C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1\venv\Scripts\pip.exe" list': ???????????

解决方法

• 在pycharm中，右击venv\Scripts这个文件夹，查找替换成现在的路径即可，如下：

• 然后重新安装pip，由于这里是虚拟环境，所以python -m ensurepip是不管用的

(venv) PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> python -m ensurepip
Looking in links: c:\Users\XUHAN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\tmpr6ouww8y
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in c:\users\xu han\desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1\venv\lib\site-packages (60.2.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pip in c:\users\xu han\appdata\local\programs\python\python39\lib\site-packages (23.1)

• 需要先尝试卸载：

(venv) PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> python -m pip uninstall pip

如果你遇到了第一个bug，已经删除了venv\Lib\site-packages\pip和venv\Lib\site-packages\pip-23.3.1.dist-info，就不用卸载了

• 然后尝试升级python.exe -m pip install --upgrade，升级的途中会自动安装：

(venv) PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1>  python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
Requirement already satisfied: pip in c:\users\xu han\appdata\local\programs\python\python39\lib\site-packages (23.1)
Collecting pip
  Using cached https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/packages/47/6a/453160888fab7c6a432a6e25f8afe6256d0d9f2cbd25971021da6491d899/pip-23.3.1-py3-none-any.whl (2.1 MB)
Installing collected packages: pip
  Attempting uninstall: pip
    Found existing installation: pip 23.1
    Not uninstalling pip at c:\users\xu han\appdata\local\programs\python\python39\lib\site-packages, outside environment C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1\venv
    Can't uninstall 'pip'. No files were found to uninstall.
Successfully installed pip-23.3.1

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.1 -> 23.3.1
[notice] To update, run: python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip

2.虚拟环境使用

2.1 特性

• 在虚拟环境中安装软件包完全不影响全局软件包

• 只要选择继承全局站点，虚拟环境就可以自由地使用全局软件包

• 如图，我在虚拟环境中安装了scipy，但是在全局中并没有这个软件包：

scipy      1.10.1
setuptools 60.2.0
six        1.16.0

setuptools 67.7.1
six        1.16.0
torch      1.13.1+cu116

2.2 进入与退出

进入

PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> ./venv/Scripts/activate

退出

(venv) PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> ./venv/Scripts/deactivate